Charged 2026

Tag: drug

  • When Citrus Gets Lethal

    So, the other day I got a new prescription, and as I skimmed through the 300 pages of side effect warnings (okay… maybe it was only 3 pages, but the font was ridiculously tiny), I noticed a warning about consuming grapefruit and/or grapefruit juice. “Whaaat? Why grapefruit specifically?”

    The warning is written as follows:

    “Eating grapefruit or drinking grapefruit juice while you are taking this medicine may increase the amount of this medicine in your blood, which may increase your risk for side effects. Talk with your doctor before including grapefruit or grapefruit juice in your diet.”

    I figured this warning was probably specific to drugs similar to the one I’m taking (combination hormone birth control), so I just brushed it off and made a mental note to never drink grapefruit juice again. That is until I was watching TV a few hours later and a commercial for another prescription– one for bi-polar depression– had the same warning. “Seriously! What is up with freaking grapefruit?!?” The scientist in me was intrigued, so I decided to do some digging.

    Apparently there are many drugs (85 that are known of so far) that have warnings against grapefruit consumption, including statins (for high cholesterol), anti-arrhythmics (for an irregular heartbeat), and Viagra® (sorry, fellas).

    Grapefruit juice most commonly interacts with drugs by inhibiting the metabolism of the drug by the enzyme cytochrome P450 (specifically the CYP3A4 isoform). Normally, medications are broken down in the liver and/or the small intestine and then excreted from the body, but since grapefruit juice contains compounds called furanocoumarins which inhibit the drug from being broken down in the small intestine, the drug doesn’t leave the body and is instead reabsorbed into the bloodstream. This leads to increased amounts of the drug in the bloodstream and thus an amplified risk for developing side effects.

    The more sensitive the dosing of the drug is (the lower the therapeutic index), the greater the risk of consuming grapefruit juice will be. In other words, if a slight change in the concentration of the drug in the bloodstream has a high impact on the drug’s potency, then consuming grapefruit juice will have a much greater negative impact on the person taking that drug than would be the case if the potency of the drug in question was less affected by slight changes in the drug dosage.

    The effects from grapefruit juice can last up to 24 hours, and it only takes one glass of juice for the drug metabolism of some drugs to be fully inhibited (Lilja, Neuvonen, and Neuvonen). Drinking grapefruit juice before, during, or after taking your medication can cause adverse effects. For medications taken daily, like birth control, it is recommended to minimize ingesting grapefruit/grapefruit juice during the entire duration of time the medication is being taken.

    Sources:

    Web MD

    Wikipedia

    FDA

    Lilja, J. J., Neuvonen, M. and Neuvonen, P. J. (2004), Effects of regular consumption of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of simvastatin. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 58: 56–60. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2004.02095.x

  • Bizzare Medical Treatments: Bayer Heroin

    Bayer heroin advertisement.

    Bayer AG, a multibillion dollar, German pharmaceutical company is regarded as one of the leaders in its sector, producing mild painkillers such as Bayer Aspirin and Aleve, the vitamin C supplements Redoxon and Berocca, and many other well known drugs. This reputation combined with the angelic sounding tagline on their website, “Bayer: Science For A Better Life” makes it hard to believe that in 1895, the company marketed heroin as a cough suppressant.

    Acetylation of morphine, by way of acetic anhydride (Ac2O), to synthesize heroin.

    Heroin is an opiate synthesized by adding two acetyl groups to morphine, found in the opium poppy. When Bayer introduced this new drug, it was actually meant to be a non-addictive substitute for morphine, a common cough suppressant back then. Little did they know that their well intentioned discovery would eventually become one of the most abused drugs, known for its destructive effects on the human body. It turns out that heroin crosses through the blood brain barrier 100 times faster than morphine because the acetyl groups makes it highly soluble in lipids; once it crosses the barrier, it actually turns back into morphine. Essentially, heroin is a prodrug, a class of inactive drugs that are converted into active form in the body by normal metabolic processes. To the Bayer scientists, heroin may have looked less potent from morphine on the lab bench, but in the body, it ended up being a faster acting form of morphine, making it extremely dangerous and addictive. Needless to say, even though heroin actually does help stifle coughs, Bayer eventually pulled this product off of their catalog.

    Though today, the possession or selling of heroin is illegal in most parts of the world, it can actually be used in the United Kingdom legally, under careful control,  as an analgesic and a maintenance drug.

     

    Common long term effects of heroin.

     

    Image Sources:

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bayer_Heroin_bottle.jpg

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Long-term_effects_of_heroin.png

    http://www.opioids.com/heroin/bayerheroin.jpg

    http://optiond.wikispaces.com/file/view/heroin_synthesis.png/116773659/711×189/heroin_synthesis.png